The Governor of New York State, as the head of the executive branch, oversees the operation of state government and implements laws. Responsibilities include preparing and negotiating the state budget with legislative leaders, signing or vetoing bills from the state Assembly and Senate, and serving as the commander-in-chief of New York’s military and naval forces. The Governor appoints commissioners for state agencies, cabinet members, judges on the state Court of Appeals, and the Metropolitan Transportation Authority's (MTA) leadership. They also grant reprieves, pardons, and commutations for offenses except treason and impeachment, and can veto bills and appropriations, subject to override by a supermajority in the legislature. Additional duties involve convening the Senate or the entire legislature for extraordinary sessions, giving periodic addresses on the state of the state, issuing executive orders, managing the state’s response to emergencies and disasters, and representing New York at the national level while shaping policy and administration.